Fracturas avulsivas tibiales del ligamento cruzado posterior fijadas con tornillos: un estudio clínico y radiológico / Screw fixation of posterior cruciate ligament tibial avulsion fractures: a clinical and radiographic study

OBJETIVO: Realizar la evaluación clínica, imagenológica y funcional de pacientes con fracturas avulsivas tibiales del ligamento cruzado posterior (FTALCPs) fijadas con tornillos canulados con técnica abierta. MÉTODOS: Los pacientes con FTALCP operados entre 2010 y 2017 fueron revisados retrospectivamente. Criterios de inclusión: fracturas agudas, desplazadas, test de cajón posterior grado III, lesiones combinadas de rodilla, seguimiento > 12 meses. Se excluyeron pacientes > 65 años, con FTALCPs bilaterales, lesiones del ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP) intrasustancia, test de cajón posterior grados I-II, fracturas expuestas, lesiones neurovasculares, y seguimientos < 12 meses. Objetivo primario: medir la estabilidad clínica mediante test de cajón posterior y radiografía de estrés arrodillada comparativa. Objetivos secundarios: nvaluar la consolidación en radiografías, complicaciones y funcionalidad con las escalas de Lysholm y Tegner. Resultados Se incluyeron 20 pacientes, con edad media de 41 años (rango: 32 a 61 años). El seguimiento promedio fue de 33,9 meses (rango: 12 a 82 meses). La estabilidad clínica mejoró en 93% (cajón posterior postoperatorio grados 0 y I) de los pacientes. La radiografía de estrés arrodillada mostró una diferencia promedio de 2,6 mm (rango: 0,1 mm a 6,8 mm) de traslación posterior al comparar con el lado sano. Todas las fracturas consolidaron. Siete pacientes presentaron complicaciones. El puntaje promedio de la escala de Lysholm al final del seguimiento fue de 85,17. El promedio preoperatorio del puntaje en la escala de Tegner no varió significativamente en comparación con el postoperatorio. CONCLUSIONES: La fijación de fracturas avulsivas tibiales del LCP con tornillos canulados con técnica abierta es efectiva en restaurar la estabilidad posterior y lograr la consolidación ósea. La funcionalidad clínica a mediano plazo es buena, a pesar del alto número de complicaciones y lesiones concomitantes. NIVEL DE EVIDENCIA: tipo IV.

OBJECTIVE: To report mid-term clinical, radiographic, and functional outcomes following open reduction and fixation of posterior cruciate ligament tibial avulsion fractures (PCLTAFs) with cannulated screws. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of patients with PCLTAF operated on from August 2010 to April 2017. Patients with acute fractures, with more than 2 mm of displacement and grade III on the posterior drawer test, combined or not to knee injuries, were included. Patients older than 65 years of age, with bilateral avulsion fractures, intrasubstance posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) lesions, stable grade-I to -II on the posterior drawer test, concomitant neurovascular injuries, mid-substance tears, open fractures, and less than 12 months of follow-up were excluded. Primary outcomes: the clinical stability was assessed using the posterior drawer test and a single comparative knee stress radiograph. Secondary outcomes: radiographic consolidation, complications, Lysholm score, and Tegner activity score. RESULTS: In total, 20 patients with a mean age of 41 years (range: 32 to 61 years) were included. The mean follow-up was of 33.9 months (range: 12 to 82 months). Clinical stability (grade 0 or I on the posterior drawer test) was observed in 93% of the patients. The mean difference in contralateral posterior displacement was of 2.6 mm (range: 0.1 mm to 6.8 mm) on a single comparative knee stress radiograph. All fractures presented radiological consolidation. Seven patients developed complications. The mean Lysholm score at the last follow-up visit was of 85.17. The postoperative Tegner activity scores did no vary significantly compared to the preinjury scores. CONCLUSIONS: Cannulated screw fixation of a displaced PCLTAF through a posterior approach restores clinical and radiographic stability and has excellent union rates. The mid-term functional outcomes are good despite the high rates of combined knee lesions and postoperative complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Arthroscopic treatment of tibial avulsion fracture of posterior cruciate ligament with a knot-free anchor and Endobuton titanium plate / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical effect of arthroscopic fixation of tibial avulsion fracture of posterior cruciate ligament with a knot-free anchor and Endobuton titanium plate.@*METHODS@#From October 2019 to October 2020, 12 patients with tibial avulsion fracture of posterior cruciate ligament were treated with the arthroscopic knot-free anchor and Endobuton titanium plate, including 9 males and 3 females. The age ranged from 23 to 58 years old. The time from injury to operation ranged from 2 to 9 days. There were 2 cases of Meyers typeⅡand 10 cases of Meyers type Ⅲ. There were 2 cases of meniscus injury and 1 case of partial injury of medial collateral ligament. The fracture healing and knee range of motion were evaluated after operation, and the clinicalefficacy was evaluated by Lysholm function score.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for 12 months. All patients healed within 6 months, and there were no complications such as incision infection, lower extremity deep venous thrombosis and internal fixation falling off. The knee flexion range of motion recovered from 50°-90° before operation to 115°-130° 6 months after operation, and no patient had straightening disorder. Lysholm functional score recovered from preoperative 29-54 scores to 86-100 scores 12 months after operation.@*CONCLUSION@#Arthroscopic reduction and fixation of tibial avulsion fracture of posterior cruciate ligament with the knot-free anchor and Endobuton titanium plate has less complications, high fracture healing rate, good extension and flexion angle and early function recovery of knee joint.

Comparative study on posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autologous hamstring tendon and LARS artificial ligament in the treatment of KD-Ⅲ-M knee dislocation / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the curative effect of one-stage reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament(ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL) in patients with KD-Ⅲ-M knee injury, and to compare the operation time, hospitalization cost and curative effect after arthroscopic reconstruction of PCL with LARS artificial ligament and autogenous hamstring tendon, ACL reconstruction with autogenous hamstring tendon and MCL repair combined with limited incision.@*METHODS@#From March 2016 to January 2019, a total of 36 patients met the criteria of this study. Twenty patients in group A were treated with autogenous hamstring tendon reconstruction of ACL and PCL and repair of MCL, including 17 males and 3 females, with an average age of (34.7±9.2) years old. Sixteen patients in group B with LARS artificial ligament reconstruction of PCL, with an autogenous hamstring tendon reconstruction of PCL and MCL repair as before as group B, including 15 males and 1 female, with an average age of (36.8±8.6) years old. The operation time, hospitalization time and total hospitalization cost were compared between the two groups. The preoperative and postoperative functions of the two groups were evaluated by Hospital for Sepcial Surgery (HSS) score and Lysholm score respectively, and the curative effects were compared within and between groups.@*RESULTS@#All the patients in the two groups were followed up for at least 1 year. There were no complications such as infection and poor wound healing in both groups. There was significant difference in operation time between (120.25±9.55) min in group A and (106.63±8.85) min in group B (@*CONCLUSION@#There was no significant difference in the average hospitalization days between the two groups, but the operation time in group A was longerthan that in group B, and the hospitalization cost in group B was higher than that in group A. There was no difference in HSS score and Lysholm score before and follow-up for a certain period of time after operation.

Reliability of tibial anterior crest as the anatomical reference of rotating alignment for tibial component in total knee arthroplasty / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#This study aimed to research whether anterior tibial crest is a reliable anatomical reference for rotational alignment of tibial component in TKA.@*METHODS@#The study included 122 patients who underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) examination for unilateral lower extremity trauma with normal contralateral lower extremities, including 89 males and 33 females, with an average age of(51.4±16.4) years old(ranged 18 to 81 years old). Picture archiving and communication system (PACS) was used to mark 11 lines including the surgical epicondylar axis (SEA) connecting the most prominent points of the lateral epicondyle and the deepest point of the sulcus on the medial epicondyle of the femur, axis of medial border of patellar tendon (MEPT)connecting the middle of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and medial border of the patellar tendon at the level of a standard tibial cut from 8 mm distal of the lateral tibial joint surface, transverse axis of tibia (TAT) at the level of a standard tibial cut from 8 mm distal of the lateral tibial joint surface, Akagi line connecting the projected middle of the PCL and medial border of the patellar tendon at the tibial attachment, the axis of the medial 1/3 of patellar tendon(M1/3) connecting the projected middle of PCL and the medial 1/3 of the patellar tendon at the patellar tendon attachment level, Insall line connecting the projected middle of the PCL and the medial 1/3 of tibial tubercle, the axis of medial border of tibial tubercle (MBTT) connecting the projected middle of the PCL and medial border of tibial tubercle, as well as the axis of the proximal anterior tibial crest (PATC), axis 1 of the middle anterior tibial crest (MATC1), axis 2 of the middle anterior tibial crest (MATC2) and the axis of the distal anterior tibial crest (DATC) which were marked by connecting the 4 equidistant points on the sharp anterior tibial crest and the projected middle of the PCL. The angles between TAT and SEA as well as the angles between other axes and the perpendicular to SEA were measured. Pairwise differences among the 10 tibial axes were examined using One-Way ANOVA and paired @*RESULTS@#The angles between the axes of MEPT, Akagi line, M1/3, Insall line, MBTT, PATC, MATC1, MATC2, DATC and the perpendicular to SEA were (-1.6 ±4.5)° , (1.4 ±5.0)° , (10.2±5.1)°, (11.9±5.4)°, (3.6±4.8)°, (12.0±6.9)°, (7.2±8.6)°, (7.1±10.4)°, (6.6±13.5)°, respectively. The angle between TAT and SEA was (4.1±5.3)°. MEPT was external rotation compared to SEA. M1/3, Insall line and PATC were significantly greater than Akagi line, MBTT, TAT (@*CONCLUSION@#The middle tibial anterior crest can be used as a reference for rotational alignment of tibial component in TKA, and its reliability is better than Insall line, but worse than Akagi line, TAT and MBTT.

Retrospective analysis on treatment methods and curative effects of reducing the disability rate of multiple ligament injuries and dislocations of the knee joint / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical effects of individualized repair and reconstruction surgery for multiple ligament injury and dislocation of knee joint based on stage classification diagnosis.@*METHODS@#From January 2018 to January 2019, 42 patients with multiple ligament injury and dislocation of the knee joint were treated. There were 27 males and 15 females, aged from 30 to 63 (47.35±11.90) years old, including 17 left knees, 23 right knees and 2 bilateral knees. All patients with multiple ligament injuries and dislocations of the knee joint were classified by stages and improved Schenck diagnosis. Among them, 23 cases were in acute stage (≤3 weeks), 19 cases were in old stage (>3 weeks), 27 cases were type Ⅲ dislocation and type Ⅳ dislocation. There were 9 cases of dislocation and 6 cases of type Ⅵ dislocation. The corresponding repair methods such as closed manipulation and open release reduction, direct suture of ligament, anchor suture, bone penetrating suture, and routine ligament reconstruction were performed. The corresponding "progressive progressive excitation" rehabilitation program was adopted after the operation. After 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks and 3, 6, 9, 12 months after operation, the outpatient consultation and evaluation of knee joint function and stability were completed. The knee joint stability, excellent and good rate, disability rate and complication rate were compared before and after operation. Internation Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) grade, IKDC subjective score, Lysholm score and Tegner score were used to evaluate knee joint function.@*RESULTS@#All patients completed the outpatient follow-up and follow-up on schedule. All patients had gradeⅠwound healing, 4 patients had lower extremity venous thrombosis after operation, and there were no serious complications after anticoagulant treatment; 5 patients with common peroneal nerve injury were treated with release surgery and active postoperative rehabilitation, and neurological function gradually recovered. At 12 months after operation, the muscle strength of the affected limb reached grade Ⅴ and the active and passive range of motion recovered to more than 120 degrees. In the acute stage, the IKDC subjective scores were 20.46±12.61, 22.58±16.83, 0.71±1.14, 69.55±16.57, 77.73±15.14 and 3.14±1.67, respectively. One year after operation, IKDC subjective score was 67.04±19.07, Lysholm was 74.87±14.58, Tegner was 3.06±1.70, and 6 of them were grade A. After 12 months, the knee function scores of all patients were significantly improved compared with those before operation(@*CONCLUSION@#According to the classification of multiple ligament injuries and dislocations of the knee joint, the corresponding surgical repair and reconstructiontreatment were adopted, and the corresponding rehabilitation program was adopted after the operation. The patients achieved good clinical treatment effect 12 months after operation, and the patients' satisfaction was high, which improved the excellent and good rate of treatment and reduced the disability rate.

Pseudoaneurisma de la arteria poplítea: complicación en la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado posterior / Popliteal artery pseudoaneurysm in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Las lesiones vasculares en cirugía artroscópica corresponden a menos del 1% de todas las complicaciones. En la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado posterior, dada la relación anatómica existente entre el mismo y las estructuras neurovasculares de la región poplítea, el riesgo de lesión de la arteria poplítea es alto, aunque infrecuente según lo informado en la literatura médica. Dado la baja incidencia de esta complicación, pero su potencial gravedad, presentamos un caso de un pseudoanerurisma de la arteria poplítea luego de la reconstrucción artroscópica del ligamento cruzado posterior. Tipo de estudio: Reporte de caso. Nivel de evidencia: IV.

Vascular lesions in arthroscopic surgery correspond to less than 1% of all complications. In the reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament, given the anatomical relationship between it and the neurovascular structures of the popliteal region, the risk of injury to the popliteal artery is high but infrequent as reported in the medical literature. Given the low incidence of this complication, but its potential severity, we present a case of a pseudoanerurysm of the popliteal artery after the arthroscopic reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament. Type of study: Case report. Level of evidence: IV.

Reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado posterior con técnica de doble banda en 100 pacientes con una media de 3 años de seguimiento / Outcomes after double-bundle PCL reconstruction

INTRODUCCIÓN: El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar los resultados luego de una reconstrucción de doble banda del LCP (RLCP DB). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes sometidos a una RLCP DB artroscópica primaria para las lesiones completas de LCP (Grado III), entre mayo de 2010 y marzo de 2015. Se realizaron valoraciones funcionales (Tegner, Lysholm, WOMAC, SF-12) y objetivas (radiografías de estrés tibial posterior) antes y a un mínimo de dos años después de la operación. RESULTADOS: Cien pacientes que se sometieron a RLCP DB se incluyeron en este estudio. El promedio de seguimiento para la cohorte de RLCP DB fue de 2.9 años (rango, 2- 6 años). Hubo una mejoría significativa de todos los parámetros funcionales (todos los valores p <0,001). La diferencia media de lado a lado (DLL) en la traslación tibial posterior en radiografías de estrés mejoró de 11,0 ± 3,5 mm antes de la cirugía a 1,6 ± 2,0 mm después de la operación (p <0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: Se observaron resultados funcionales y objetivos significativamente mejores después de una RLCP DB en un seguimiento promedio de 3 años, con bajas tasas de complicaciones, independientemente de la patología ligamentaria concomitante o el momento de la cirugía (agudo o crónico). Además, se obtuvieron resultados clínicos subjetivos y funcionales similares en comparación con las reconstrucciones aisladas del LCA. Tipo de estudio: Serie de Casos. Nivel de evidencia: II.

BACKGROUND: to report on the outcomes after double-bundle PCL reconstructions in isolated versus combined injuries and acute versus chronic PCL reconstructions. METHODS: All patients who underwent a primary endoscopic RPCL DB for complete PCL tears (Grade III) PCL tears between May 2010 and March 2015 were reviewed. Patient reported outcome scores (Tegner, Lysholm, WOMAC, SF-12) and objective posterior stress radiographs were collected preoperatively and at a minimum two-years postoperatively. RESULTS: One hundred patients who underwent RPCL DB were included in this study. The mean follow-up for the PCL cohort was 2.9 years (range, 2-6 years). All functional scores improved at last follow up (all p values <0.001). The mean side-to-side difference (DLL) in posterior tibial translation on kneeling stress radiographs improved from 11.0 ± 3.5 mm preoperatively to 1.6 ± 2.0 mm postoperatively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Significantly, improved functional and objective outcomes were observed after anatomic-based RPCL DB at a mean 3 years follow-up, with low complication rates, regardless of concomitant ligamentous pathology or timing to surgery. Additionally, contrary to previous reports, comparable subjective and functional clinical outcome were achieved compared to an isolated ACL reconstruction control cohort. Type Study: Case report. Level of evidence: II.

Rotura de ligamento cruzado posterior por avulsión tibial en deportistas de contacto esqueléticamente inmaduros. Presentación de un caso y revisión bibliográfica / Tibial avulsion of posterior cruciate ligament in athletes with open physis

Introducción: Dado lo infrecuente y la falta de consenso del tratamiento de niños y adolescentes con estas lesiones, decidimos redactar esta publicación con el objetivo de presentar un caso avulsión tibial de LCP en adolescente deportista de contacto con fisis abierta y realizar una revisión de la bibliografía publicada. Materiales y Métodos: RF. masculino, 13 años, rugby, sufre tackle francés y caída sobre rodillas en flexión. Consulta 3 meses post-trauma con gonalgia izquierda, derrame y limitación deportiva. Sin inestabilidad pero “no la siente bien”. Al examen cajón posterior ++/++++, test gravitacional+. Rx cajón posterior: 8 mm de diferencia entre ambas rodillas. RMN: avulsión tibial LCP. Se interpreta como lesión sintomática del LCP en deportista, se decide cirugía (artroscopia + abordaje posterior) con reinserción de fragmento condral en 1 tiempo. P.OP: sin carga 4 semanas. Calza de yeso en extensión 6 semanas, luego inmovilizador 3 meses y movilidad pasiva progresiva. Resultados: Logro movilidad 0-90° en 8ª semana. Al 3ª mes cajón Rx traslación posterior de 4 mm. RMN al 4ª mes reinserción de LCP con anclaje suprafisario. Sexto mes cajón posterior mínimamente alargado con tope neto, 11ª mes actividades deportivas recreativas y continúa fortalecimiento. Discusión y Conclusión: La mayoría de avulsiones de LCP en pacientes con fisis abiertas probablemente sea por mayor fuerza y resistencia del ligamento respecto fisis y hueso a esta edad. Debemos sospecharlo en pacientes con gonalgia vaga, con o sin inestabilidad, con antecedente traumático y Rx normal, siendo indispensable un correcto examen y RMN para su diagnóstico. Creemos que en deportistas con fisis abiertas, debido al riesgo de degeneración articular, se justifica la cirugía para restaurar la cinemática, evitar artrosis y retomar la actividad previa a la lesión. Tipo de estudio: Reporte de caso y Revisión bibliográfica. Nivel de evidencia: IV

Introduction: Given the infrequency and lack of consensus in the treatment of children and adolescents with these injuries, we decided to write this report with the aim of present a case of PCL tibial avulsion in a contact athlete teen with open physis and a review of the literature published. Materials and Methods: RF. male, 13 years, rugby, suffers French tackle and fall on knees flexed. 3 months post-trauma consultation with left knee pain, joint fluid and sport limitation. Whidout instability but “not feeling well”. The posterior drawer test ++ / ++++, gravitational test +. Rx posterior drawer: 8mm difference between the two nenes. MRI: tibial avulsion PCL. We interpreted as symptomatic PCL injury in athletes, surgery (arthroscopy + posterior approach) is decided reintegration of chondral fragment in 1 time P.OP: no load 4 Weeks. Plaster wedge extension 6 weeks, then 3 months and passive immobilizer progressive mobility. Results: 0-90 mobility achieving in 8th week. The 3rd month drawer Rx 4 mm. MRI posterior translation of the 4th month reintegration of LCP with anchor. 6ª month later minimally elongated drawer with stop net. 11th month continuous strengthening recrearional and sports activities. Discussion and Conclusion: Most avulsion of PCL in patients with open physis probably be for greater strength and endurance ligament compared with the physis and bone at this age. We suspected in patients with vague knee pain, with or without instability, history of trauma and normal Rx a correct examination and MRI to be essential for diagnosis. We believe that athletes with open physis, because of the risk of joint degeneration, surgery is justified to restore kinematics, prevent osteoarthritis and resume activity prior to the injury. Type of study: Case report and literature review. Level of evidence: IV

Reconstrucción artroscópica con doble banda del ligamento cruzado posterior / Arthroscopic double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

En la actualidad, la comprensión de las opciones diagnósticas y de tratamiento para el ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP) han evolucionado, dando lugar a resultados clínicos superiores. Asimismo, distintos autores han publicado resultados que varían desde buenos a excelentes tras el tratamiento no quirúrgico de lesiones aisladas del LCP. Sin embargo, datos recientes hacen referencia a la disminución de las puntuaciones clínicas y la aparición de artrosis precoz en lesiones aisladas severas o combinadas del LCP tratadas de forma conservadora. Por lo anteriormente mencionado se ha vuelto a considerar el tratamiento quirúrgico para muchas de estas lesiones. Durante la última década, se han realizado varios estudios para evaluar la eficacia de las reconstrucciones de simple versus doble banda. Sin embargo, la literatura no es concluyente con respecto a la superioridad de una técnica sobre la otra. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar los principios básicos de la anatomía del LCP, su biomecánica, su diagnóstico y tratamiento, haciendo hincapié en la reconstrucción del LCP con doble banda femoral y tibial.

Currently, diagnostic understanding and treatment options for the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) have evolved, resulting in superior clinical outcomes. Also different authors have reported results ranging from good to excellent after nonsurgical treatment of isolated PCL injuries, but new studies refer to decreased clinical scores and early osteoarthritis in severe or combined isolated PCL injuries treated conservatively, prompting surgeons to consider operative intervention in many cases. Over the past decade, there have been several studies to assess the effectiveness of single versus double band reconstructions. However, the literature is inconclusive regarding the superiority of one technique over the other. The aim of this study was to review the basic principles of PCL anatomy, biomechanics, diagnosis and treatment, emphasizing PCL reconstruction with double femoral and tibial band.

Uso do fixador externo articulado no tratamento cirúrgico da instabilidade multiligamentar crônica do joelho

INTRODUÇÃO: A instabilidade multiligamentar do joelho, normalmente, é provocada por um trauma que determina sua luxação, um evento pouco frequente, mas, que pode trazer sequelas devastadoras. Mesmo com o tratamento cirúrgico preconizado é alto o índice de complicações. A mobilização precoce no pósoperatório provoca afrouxamento dos ligamentos reconstruídos, o que leva à instabilidade residual. A imobilização melhora a estabilidade, mas provoca dor e rigidez. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar se o uso do fixador externo articulado proporciona melhora na mobilidade, estabilidade e na função subjetiva de pacientes submetidos à reconstrução ligamentar. MÉTODOS: Neste ensaio clínico randomizado com grupos paralelos, 33 pacientes do ambulatório do Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo com mais que 3 semanas de lesão dos ligamentos cruzados anterior e posterior associado à lesão de ligamento colateral fibular e/ ou ligamento colateral tibial foram submetidos à cirurgia de reconstrução multiligamentar, após alocação cega aleatória ao grupo 0 - controle (18 pacientes), com órtese rígida ou ao grupo 1 - fixador externo articulado por 6 semanas (15 pacientes), no período entre novembro de 2010 e novembro de 2013. Após seguimento mínimo de um ano de pós-operatório, a estabilidade dos ligamentos reconstruídos foi avaliada ao exame físico, foram mensurados os déficits de extensão e de flexão residual em relação ao joelho contralateral não acometido e foi aplicado o questionário específico para sintomas do joelho de Lysholm...

NTRODUCTION: Multiligament knee instability is normally caused by a trauma which results in its dislocation, an infrequent event, but one which can have devastating aftereffects. Even with the recommended surgical treatment the rate of complications is high. Early post-operative mobilization provokes loosening of the reconstructed ligaments, which leads to residual instability. Immobilization improves the stability, but causes pain and stiffness. This study aims to assess whether the use of an articulated external fixator provides improvements in the mobility, stability and the subjective function of the patients submitted to ligament reconstruction. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial with parallel groups, 33 patients of the outpatient clinic of the Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of Sao Paulo with more than 3 weeks of injury to the anterior cruciate ligaments and the posterior cruciate ligaments associated with injury to the fibular collateral ligament and/or medial collateral ligament, were submitted to multiligament reconstruction surgery, after blind random allocation to either: Group 0 - control (18 patients), with rigid bracing, or to Group 1 - articulated external fixator for 6 weeks (15 patients), in the period from November, 2010 to November 2013. The stability of the reconstructed ligaments were assessed after 1 year postoperatively by physical examination, the deficit of residual extension and flexion was measured in relation to the unaffected contralateral knee and the Lysholm knee scoring scale questionnaire was applied...

Rotura del ligamento cruzado posterior. Fijación cortical tibial retrógrada / Rupture of posterior cruciate ligament. Retrograde cortical tibial fixation

Las dificultades que plantean las técnicas empleadas en la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado posterior motivan esta presentación. El objetivo es describir la técnica actual y analizar retrospectivamente el resultado final. Materiales y Métodos: Se presentan 110 pacientes con diagnóstico de rotura del ligamento cruzado posterior de tipos II y III, operados con distintas técnicas. Se incluyen 96 reconstrucciones en las cuales fue posible evaluar retrospectivamente el cajón posterior radiográfico al alta. Se excluyeron 14 pacientes que no reunían este criterio. Resultados: El cajón posterior radiográfico al alta tuvo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (Pv <0,001) entre la técnica presentada y las otras realizadas habitualmente como injerto hueso-tendón-hueso monofascículo fijado con dos tornillos de interferencia e injerto semitendinoso-recto interno cuádruple, fijado con tornillos de interferencia en el fémur y la tibia. Conclusiones: La reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado posterior con esta técnica ha simplificado la cirugía, se acortó el tiempo quirúrgico y, por eso, permite realizar reconstrucciones ligamentarias simultáneas. El cajón posterior radiográfico final ha mejorado objetivamente. Nivel de Evidencia: III...

Difficulties arising from reconstruction techniques of posterior cruciate ligament are widely known. The objective is to describe our retrograde tibial fixation technique, and analyze retrospectively if the final result has improved. Methods: One hundred and ten patients with diagnosis of types II and III posterior cruciate ligament rupture, who were operated on with different techniques. In 96 reconstructions X-ray posterior drawer was retrospectively evaluated. Fourteen patients who did not meet this criterion were excluded. Results: X-ray posterior drawer at discharge showed statistically significant differences (Pv <0.001) between our technique and other commonly used techniques, such as bone-patellar tendon-bone and quadrupled hamstrings fixed with screws in femur and tibia. Conclusions: Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with this technique has simplified the surgery, surgical time was reduced and therefore it is possible to perform other simultaneous ligament reconstructions. Final X-ray posterior drawer has objectively improved. Level of Evidence: III...

Evaluación de la técnica y resultados de la reconstrucción artroscópica del ligamento cruzado posterior a simple banda / Arthroscopic single bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Surgical evaluation and results

Introducción: El tratamiento de las lesiones del ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP), sigue siendo controvertido. Es el ligamento intra-articular más grande y fuerte de la rodilla, comprendido por dos haces: un haz antero-lateral (AL) que se tensa durante la flexión y un haz postero-medial (PM), que se tensa durante la extensión y es menos resistente al desgarro. La lesión aislada del LCP es relativamente poco común, representa aproximadamente un 3 % del total de las lesiones ligamentarias agudas de rodilla. Tradicionalmente tratadas sin cirugía, han demostrado resultados favorables. La mejor comprensión de la anatomía y propiedades biomecánica del LCP han llevado a un mayor ímpetu de optar por la reconstrucción. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar la utilidad de la reconstrucción artroscópica del ligamento cruzado posterior a simple banda reproduciendo el haz antero-lateral en lesiones aisladas del LCP. Materiales y Método: Entre el 2008 y el 2012, fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente un total de 17 pacientes en nuestra institución con lesiones aisladas del ligamento cruzado posterior a los que se les realizó una reconstrucción artroscópica a simple banda AL trans-tibial del LCP Reporte serie de casos, nivel de evidencia IV. Resultados: Catorce pacientes (82,3) obtuvieron un score de IKDC de 90 puntos, y retomaron las actividades deportivas o vigorosas, manteniendo la estabilidad al último control. Conclusión: Creemos que la estabilización quirúrgica está indicada en aquellos pacientes con lesión aislada del LCP, con síntomas de inestabilidad, y la reconstrucción artroscópica a simple banda trans-tibial es una técnica reproducible, con resultados satisfactorios, con una baja tasa de morbilidad y que no pierde estabilidad con el tiempo...

Refuerzos en lesiones del ligamento cruzado posterior / Reinforcement in posterior cruciate ligament injuries

Las lesiones del ligamento cruzado posterior continúan siendo un desafío para el cirujano. El tratamiento precoz de las mismas ha mostrado mejores resultados. Aprovechar el importante poder de cicatrización del mismo, la colocación de un injerto como refuerzo, sumado a los remanentes intactos que también actuaran como estructura y el hecho de evitar la elongación progresiva de las estructuras capsulares serían factores importantes para mejorar los resultados.

Posterior cruciate ligament injuries still represent a challenge for the surgeon. Early treatment of them had showed better results. The use of a graft as an augmentation, the important healing capability of the PCL, preservation of intact fibers acting as a scaffold and the fact of avoiding capsular stretching may be important factors to improve results.

Posterior cruciate ligament injury: characteristics and associations of most frequent injuries / Lesoes do ligamento cruzado posterior: caracteristicas e associacoes mais frequentes

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and combinations of PCL injuries and their correlations with the mechanism, the occurrence of evident dislocation and associated fracture. METHOD: A retrospective study of 85 lesions of PCL operated between 2003 and 2010. Diagnosis by physical examination and dynamic radiography, compared with surgical findings. RESULTS: Injuries involving the PCL were more prevalent in men (78.8%) with a mean age of 33 years. The main cause was traffic accidents (73.80%), and (49.4%) motorcycle. Isolated PCL injury occurred in (15.3%) cases, and combined (84.7%). Among the isolated lesions, bone avulsions were nine (10.6%). The most associated PCL injuries were the ACL (48.2%), followed by LCL PCL/PLC (22.4%). Fractures were more associated with combining PCL + LCL/PLC injuries and did not appear in the PCL + MCL/PMC. Complications beyond fractures: peripheral nerve injury (4.8%) and vascular (1.2%). Evident dislocation in primary care (16.7%) was more prevalent in combined ACL + PCL + MCL/PMC (44.4%). Half the patients were operated during the acute phase. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) comparing each combination of ligament injuries with the presence of fracture, dislocation or clear mechanism of injury. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of PCL injuries in a center for orthopedic trauma care was mostly multiligament and mainly involving the ACL. A significant association was seen between the type of injury with mechanism of injury, presentation of the knee, if dislocated or reduced, and the presence of associated fracture. .

OBJETIVO: Pesquisar a prevalência das lesões do ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP) e suas combinações e correlações com o mecanismo e a ocorrência de luxação evidente e fratura associada. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de 85 lesões do LCP operadas entre 2003 e 2010. Diagnóstico por meio do exame físico e da radiografia dinâmica, confrontados com achados cirúrgicos. RESULTADOS: Lesões que envolveram o LCP foram mais prevalentes nos homens (78,8%) com média de idade de 33 anos. A causa principal foi o acidente de trânsito (73,80%), dos quais 49,4% de motocicleta. Lesão isolada do LCP ocorreu em 15,3% dos casos e combinada em 84,7%. Dentre as lesões isoladas, nove foram avulsões ósseas (10,6%). O ligamento mais associado às lesões do LCP foi o cruzado anterior (48,2%), seguido da lesão combinada do LCP com o ligamento colateral lateral/canto póstero-lateral (22,4%). Fraturas estiveram mais associadas à combinação LCP + LCL/CPL e não apareceram nas lesões do LCP + ligamento colateral medial/canto póstero-medial. Complicações além de fraturas: lesão de nervo periférico (4,8%) e vascular (1,2%). Luxação evidente no primeiro atendimento (16,7%), mais prevalente na combinação LCP + LCA + LCM/CPM (44,4%). Metade dos pacientes foi operada na fase aguda. Houve diferença estatística significativa (p < 0,05) na comparação de cada combinação de lesões de ligamentos com a presença de fratura, luxação evidente ou mecanismo do trauma. CONCLUSÃO: Lesões do LCP submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico em centro de atenção ao trauma ortopédico foram na sua maioria multiligamentares e envolveram principalmente o LCA. Houve associação significativa entre o tipo ...

Avaliação radiográfica da inserção femoral do ligamento cruzado posterior / Radiographic assessment of the femoral insertion of the posterior cruciate ligament

Objetivo: Determinar as imagens radiográficas da inserção femoral doligamento cruzado posterior (LCP) para auxiliar na criação de túneisfemorais anatômicos nas cirurgias e para a avaliação pós-operatóriada localização destes túneis. Métodos: Foram utilizados 30 joelhos decadáveres adultos. Demarcamos os centros das bandas anterolateral(AL) e posteromedial (PM) do LCP com marcadores metálicos. Reali-zamos radiografias e estabelecemos um sistema de grades para loca-lização da origem das bandas. Também determinamos o percentil daprojeção do centro de cada banda em relação à linha de Blumensaat.Resultados: Na incidência anteroposterior os centros das bandas AL ePM estiveram, em média, localizados nos percentis 42,48% e 38,14%da linha de Blumensaat, respectivamente. Nas radiografias em perfilos centros das bandas AL e PM estiveram, respectivamente, nospercentis 72,86% e 55,46% dessa linha. Em 73,33% dos joelhos ocentro da banda AL esteve no quadrante 3D e, em 70% das amostras,a banda PM esteve no quadrante 2D. Conclusão: Estabelecemosum padrão radiográfico da inserção femoral do LCP que pode serútil para o controle intraoperatório, antes da perfuração dos túneis, epara a avaliação pós-operatória da localização dos mesmos.Estudo Laboratorial Controlado.

Objective: To establish the radiographic images of the femoral in-sertion of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), in order to assistthe creation of anatomical femoral tunnels during surgeries, and tobe used as parameters in postoperative evaluation of the locationof these tunnels. Methods: Thirty adult cadaver knees were used.The PCL anterolateral (AL) and posteromedial (PM) bundles’ centerswere marked with a metallic marker. Radiographs were taken and agrid system was established to locate the position of bundles inser-tion. The percentile in which the projection of each bundle’s centerwas in relation to the Blumensaat line was also determined. Results:In the anteroposterior view, AL and PM bundles’ centers were onaverage, on the 42.5% and 38.18% percentiles of Blumensaat’sline, respectively. In lateral views, the AL and PM bundles’ centerscorresponded to the 72.94% and 55.56% percentiles of the line,respectively. In 73.33% of the knees the AL bundle center was onthe 3D quadrant and in 70% of samples the PM bundle center wasin quadrant 2D. Conclusions: We established anx-ray pattern offemoral insertion of PCL that may be of interest for intraoperativecontrol, before tunnel drilling, and also for post-operative evaluationof tunnel location.Controlled Laboratory Study.

Posterior Cruciate Ligament: Focus on Conflicting Issues

There is little consensus on how to optimally reconstruct the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and the natural history of injured PCL is also unclear. The graft material (autograft vs. allograft), the type of tibial fixation (tibial inlay vs. transtibial tunnel), the femoral tunnel position within the femoral footprint (isometric, central, or eccentric), and the number of bundles in the reconstruction (1 bundle vs. 2 bundles) are among the many decisions that a surgeon must make in a PCL reconstruction. In addition, there is a paucity of information on rehabilitation after reconstruction of the PCL and posterolateral structures. This article focused on the conflicting issues regarding the PCL, and the scientific rationales behind some critical points are discussed.

Reconstrução do ligamento cruzado posterior com enxerto autólogo do tendão do músculo semitendinoso duplo e do terço médio do tendão do quadríceps em duplo túnel no fêmur e único na tíbia: resultados clínicos em dois anos de seguimento / Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autograft of the double semitendinosus muscles and middle third of the quadriceps tendon with double femoral and single tibial tunnels: clinical results in two years follow up

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os aspectos cirúrgicos que possam oferecer bons resultados anatômicos e funcionais na reconstrução do ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP) utilizando enxerto autólogo do tendão do quadríceps e duplo semitendinoso através de um túnel femoral duplo. MÉTODOS: Quatorze pacientes com lesões isoladas do LCP, instabilidade e dor foram operados por artroscopia e avaliados de acordo com as escalas do International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) e de Lysholm. A lassidão foi examinada com o artrômetro KT 1000. RESULTADOS: Na avaliação pós-operatória, a translação posterior comparando-se com joelho contralateral foi entre 0-2mm em 57,1% dos pacientes e entre 3 e 5mm em 35,7% dos casos. A média da escala de Lysholm foi de 93 pontos na avaliação final. Na avaliação pelo IKDC, três pacientes tiveram grau A, 10 grau B e 1 teve grau C. Conclusões: A reconstrução artroscópica do LCP com feixe duplo baseada no posicionamento anatômico dos túneis, com tendão duplo semitendinoso e único do quadríceps, oferece redução clinicamente evidente dos sintomas e recupera satisfatoriamente a estabilidade, embora diferença significativa não tenha sido encontrada devido ao pequeno tamanho da amostra.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the surgical aspects that may offer good anatomic and functional results in posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction using an autologous graft of the quadriceps tendon and double semitendinosus through a double femoral tunnel. METHODS: Fourteen patients with isolated PCL lesions, instability and pain were operated on by arthroscopy and evaluated according to the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Lysholm scales. Posterior knee laxity was examined with a KT 1000 arthrometer. RESULTS: The mean postoperative posterior side-to-side difference was between 0-2 mm in 57.1% of patients and between 3 and 5 mm in 35.7% of cases. The average Lysholm score was 93 points in the final follow-up. In the IKDC evaluation, 3 patients were graded A, 10 were graded B, and 1 patient was graded C. Conclusions: Double bundle arthroscopic PCL reconstruction based on the anatomical positioning of the tunnels, with double semitendinosus tendon and single quadriceps, provides a clinically evident reduction in symptoms and restores satisfactory stability, although no statistically significant difference was found due to the small sample.

Reconstrucción artroscópica de ligamento cruzado posterior. Se compara simple banda y doble banda proximal, ambas técnicas con simple banda a distal / Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Comparison between proximal single and double bundle, both techniques at distal

Introducción: Existe controversia sobre si las reconstrucciones de LCP (ligamento cruzado posterior) doble banda proximal son superiores a la simple banda. Hay pocos estudios clínicos comparativos que lo demuestren. El propósito de este trabajo es comparar grupos homogéneos operados con lesiones aisladas de LCP y preguntarse con cual de las dos técnicas en nuestra casuística se obtuvieron mejores resultados. Material y Métodos: Fueron evaluados los pacientes operados de LCP, por dos de los autores entre el año 2000 y 2009. Se excluyeron pacientes con lesiones ligamentarias asociadas y osteocondrales severas. Se tomaron 40 de los 142 pacientes operados de LCP. Se dividieron en 2 grupos: 20 SB (simple banda) y 20 DB (doble banda), con un seguimiento mínimo de 2 años. Fueron evaluados y comparados con test de Lysholm, IKDC y artrómetro KT 1000. Resultados: En los test de Lysholm e IKDC y en el KT 1000 no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos grupos estudiados. Discusión: Existen pocos trabajos clínicos, y son más los experimentales, que evalúan comparativamente este tipo de lesión, rescatando criterios uniformes con respecto a las lesiones multiligamentarias donde presentan mejores resultados con doble banda, pero todavía hay controversia con las lesiones aisladas de LCP donde los grupos estudiados son muy heterogéneos. Conclusión: Al igual que en los trabajos revisados, las reconstrucciones doble banda femoral y túnel tibial único no presentan ventajas estadísticamente significativas con respecto a las SB en pacientes con lesiones aisladas de LCP, cuando se comparan parámetros subjetivos y objetivos. Diseño del estudio: Serie de casos. Nivel de evidencia: IV.

Recent Evolution of Cruciate Ligament Surgery of the Knee

No abstract available.

Evaluation of Postoperative Range of Motion and Functional Outcomes after Cruciate-Retaining and Posterior-Stabilized High-Flexion Total Knee Arthroplasty

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative range of motion and functional outcomes among patients who received high-flexion total knee arthroplasty using cruciate-retaining (CR-Flex) and posterior-stabilized (PS-Flex) type prostheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 127 patients (186 knees) who underwent high-flexion total knee arthroplasty between 2005 and 2007, 92 knees were placed in the CR-Flex group, and 94 knees were placed in the PS-Flex group. After two years of postoperative follow-up, clinical and radiographic data were reviewed. Postoperative non-weight-bearing range of knee motion, angle of flexion contracture and functional outcomes based on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) functional sub-scale were assessed and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: After the 2-year postoperative period, the mean range of motion was 131degrees in the CR-Flex group and 133degrees in the PS-Flex group. There were no significant differences in postoperative range of motion between the two groups. Only age at operation and preoperative range of motion were significantly associated with postoperative range of motion after high-flexion total knee arthroplasty. Postoperative functional outcomes based on the WOMAC functional sub-scale were slightly better in the CR-Flex group (9.2+/-9.1 points) than in the PS-Flex group (11.9+/-9.6 points); however, this difference was not statistically significant (p=non-significant). CONCLUSION: The retention or substitution of the posterior cruciate ligament does not affect postoperative range of motion (ROM) or functional outcomes, according to 2 years of postoperative follow-up of high-flexion total knee arthroplasty.